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Water remote sensing
Water Remote Sensing studies the color of water through the observation of the spectrum of water leaving radiation. From the study of this spectrum, the concentration of optically active components of the upper layer of the water body can be concluded via specific algorithms.〔Laanen, M.L. (2007)."Yellow Matters- Improving the remote sensing of Coloured Dissolved Organic Matter in inland freshwaters" Ph.D. Thesis. Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam: The NL.〕
Water quality monitoring by remote sensing and close-range instruments has obtained considerable attention since the founding of EU Water Framework Directive.〔
== History ==
If water remote sensing is defined as the observation of the water from a distance in order to describe its color, without taking water samples, the gradual development of understanding of the transparency of natural waters and of the reason of their clarity variability and coloration has been sketched from the times of Henry Hudson (1600) to those of Chandrasekhara Raman (1930).〔Marcel, R., Wernand & Winfried W.C.Gieskes (2012), "Ocean Optics from 1600 (Hudson) to 1930 (Raman) Shifting interpretation of natural water colouring", Paris, France: Union des oceanographes de France (published 1 January 2012)〕 However, the development of water remote sensing techniques (by the use of satellite imaging, aircraft or close range optical devices) didn't start until the early 1970s. These first techniques measured the spectral and thermal differences in the emitted energy from water surfaces. In general, empirical relationships were settled between the spectral properties and the water quality parameters of the water body.〔Ritchie, J.C; Zimba, P.V.; Everitt, J.H. (2003), “Remote Sensing Techniques to Assess Water Quality”, American Society for Photogrammetry Engineering and Remote Sensing, 69:695-704.〕 In 1974, Ritchie et al. (1974) 〔Ritchie, J.C.; McHenry, J.R.; Schiebe, F.R.; Wilson, R.B.(1974),“The relationship of reflected solar radiation and the concentration of sediment in the surface water of reservoirs”,Remote
Sensing of Earth Resources Vol. III (F. Shahrokhi, editor),The University of Tennessee Space Institute, Tullahoma, Tennessee,3:57–72〕 developed an empirical approach to determine suspended sediments. This kind of empirical models are only able to use to determine water quality parameters of water bodies with similar conditions. In 1992 an analytical approach was used by Schiebe et al. (1992).〔Schiebe, F.R., Harrington, Jr., J.A.; Ritchie, J.C. (1992), “Remote sensing of suspended sediments: The Lake Chicot, Arkansas project”, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 13(8):1487–1509〕 This approach was based on the optical characteristics of water and water quality parameters to elaborate a physically based model of the relationship between the spectral and physical properties of the surface water studied. This physically based model was successfully applied in order to estimate suspended sediment concentrations.〔〔〔Harrington, J.A., Jr., Schiebe, F.R.; Nix, J.F. (1992). “Remote sensing of Lake Chicot, Arkansas: Monitoring suspended sediments, turbidity and secchi depth with Landsat MSS”, Remote Sensing of Environment, 39(1):15–27〕
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